System op coding and decoding



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SYSTEM OF CODING AND DECODING Original Filed May 22, 1956 16 Sheets-Sheet 5 6 g i 53 l l P 2 m-- (5 a a E C I H 2 1 0 1 q) o 3 o o a. ,5 o o a? KTTERNEY y (x w. s. LEMMdN ET AL Re- 22,523

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SYSTEM OF CODING AND DECODING Original Filed May 22, 1936 16 Sheets-Sheet l5 I EEEORS ATTORNEY m 0 5-2 Ll- July 25, 1944. w. s. LEMMON ET AL SYSTEM OF CODING AND DECODING.

16 Sheets-Sheet 14 July 25, 1944. w. s. LEMMON ET AL 22523 SYSTEM OF CODING AND DECODING Original F iled May 22, 1936 16 Sheets-Sheet l5 VE T Rs 1 ii BY ,4

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SYSTEM OF CODING AND DECODING Original Filed May 22, 1956 l6 Sheets-Sheet 16 ATTORNEY Reiuued July 25, 1944 Walter S. Lemmon, Riverside, Coma, Charles B.

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or; to International Business Machines Core poration, New York, N. Y., a corporation of New York Original No. masses, dated November 29, 1938, Serial No. 81,178, May 22, 1936. Application for reissue September 18, 1943, Serial No.

63 Claims. (Cl. 197-4] This invention relates to the art of secret 01' a coding commutator or wheel, control means writing and more particularly to a new system are provided to shift the coding or typing circuits for transforming language messages into dein an odd manner and in accordance with a NT, OFFICE.

codable secret code.

employ a circuit changing device for eachdesignated group and treat each group device as a single coding commutator to further complicate the resultant coded message. For the purpose oi obtaining operation at irregular intervals as varying and arbitrary pattern.

An object of the present invention is to pro- 6 In addition thereto, provision is made wherevide an improved system for the more rapid and by the character sequence of the coding commuaccurate coding and decoding of characters or tator is altered automatically to further increase signs used in various communications. the resistance of the coded message.

Another object of the invention is to prevent Other features and objects of the present inperiodical recurrences by causingirregularities l vention are: to type the message in clear text in the coding process by a new system so as to and in a coded form simultaneously; to insert introduce a new order of complexity of code acportions of a message in clear text at both the cording to an arbitrary system. typing and coding positions; independent con- A further object of the "invention is to pro trol means for the coding commutators to sepduce a resultant which is most complex but-- arately and irregularly position each commutawhereby the coding and decoding operations are tor; the method of controlling the various consimplified. trol elements depending upon the frequency of Still another object of the invention is to prooperation of the operating or primary unit; the vide an apparatus which will automatically'code commutator control means being provided with a message as a result of the mere typing 01 removable control elements, and including means the uncoded message, and which will automati whereby certain control units thereof may be cally decode the message as a result of the mere variably and arbitrarily positioned; means to typing of the coded message. lock the carriage return mechanismvduring the Heretofore, in order to prevent periodical retyping cycles; means to lock the character keycurrences in forming unintelligible sequences of board and release the carriage return mechanism characters in a coded message and to insure a at the end of a predetermined copy; error de continuous variation'and transposition of the retecting circuits to preve t re ea e f ca r a esultant character form, the electrical recording turn mechanism if control unitsfailed to respond and indicating systems producing such efiects, at correctly during the typing of the predetermined present, employ a plurality or multiplicity of copy: eans to ock he eyboard and carriage coding drums or wheels which are adapted to be et m upon comp t o o a roup o es 01 actuated differentially to alter the circuit conpredetermined copy; test key operation to re nections of the system. It has been found that turn carriages automatically to left m r i p systems of this type are apt to become quite sition if control units functioned correctly; recomplicated and tend to reduce the over-all rate cording at both units a symbol indicative of corof speed of operation and efliciency of the sysrect functioning on both clear and coded copies tems. I of text; error key operation if error was made In contradistinction to the present systems. n f nction o e control elements during the the invention to be disclosed -is based on the yp n of d S P O PY; ibm t o principle of a copending application, Serial No, 40 coding control units to last text position, if er- 39,294, filed September 5, 1935, in which a Single ror made; recording a symbol indicative of ercoding commutator or circuit changing device ror function on both copies; at endof group for a series of characters or signs is employed and if coding units functioned properly, addiand to which, at variable times, a definite movet nal d n control n ts t be a tuat d, 1f an ment is imparted to alter, at irregular intervals, error had been made the Said coding control the circuit connections of the system. The comunits a e t a e nse t on o automatic plate series of characters or signs to be employed spacing in coded text; SllbStltlliiiOll of additional in a system may b con ect d t a single .characterfor space character in coding operacuit changing device or may be divided into tion and provision to render the said additional separate groups of characters and signs, and characters ineffective in decoding; certain coding control elements operated upon recording of every character; multi-position key to control primary typewriter,

. tromatic type.

coding andvice-versa; reset key means to realign all the coding control elements to a normal reference point; dialing means vto alter the normal reference point.

Further and other objects and advantages will be hereinafter set forth in the accompanying specification and claims, and shown in the drawings, which by way of illustration show what is now considered to be the preferred embodiment of the invention.

In the drawings:

Fig. 1 is a plan view of the power operated coding control elements.

Fig. 2 is a detailed view of the coding commutators control device. f

Fig. 3 is a detail of one of the control elements of the commutator control device.

Figs. 4 to 8 inclusive show the construction or the coding commutators.

Fig. 9 is a detailed contact arrangement of the coding commutator control device.

Fig. 10 shows the brush arrangement of the coding commutators.

Figs. 11 to 13 show units.

in detail the clutch control Fig. 14 is a fragmentary sectional elevation illustrating a portion of a power operated typewriter including certain control features.

Fig. 15 is a detail view of the carriage contact bar and brush arrangement.

Fig. 16 is a detail view of arrangement.

Figs. 17, 17A and 17B show the circuit arrangement for controlling thecoding control elements.

Fig. 18 shows the correct figure layout for Figs. 1'1, 17A and 1713.

Fig. 19 shows the correct figure layout for Figs. 20, 20A to 20D.

Figs. 20, 20A to 20D show a. preferred arrangement of the typing circuits for coding and decoding operations.

Fig. 21 is a layout of the plug arrangement for the coding commutator control device.

The illustrative embodiment of the invention includes two typewriters to be interconnected for coding purposes. The apparatus is effective. when the uncoded message both a correct writing of the bopy and a writin of the same message in code, and, when the coded message is typed, to produce a correct writing of the code message for comparison with the copy and a correctly typed translation of the code message. To present the invention as briefly and concisely as possible, the independent control units of the system will be described first and followed by a description of the circuit arrangements and operation of the system.

Recording units the keyboard locking The system as illustrated herein comprises a upon which the messages to be translated are typed and recorded and may be designated as the operating unit, and a secondary typewriter or translating unit for translating and recording-messages typed on the primary or operating unit. Any standard typing unit may be is typed, to produce used; however. it is preferred to employ the elec Said units comprises. revoluble platen I mounted in the which is mounted for movement transversely of the frame 3 of the machine on anti-friction bearings 4 arranged in guideways provided therefor in the carriage and frame of the machine (refer to Fig. 14)

Ty e bars 5 are pivoted in a type basket 6 in frame of a carriage 2 the frame of the machine and are provided with types 1 adjacent their free ends adapted to engage the platen or the type bars are swung on their pivots. Power driven devices are provided for operating the type bars or other printing instrumentalities of the machine. Said devices comprise actuators in the form of hell crank levers 8 pivoted on a common pivot rod 9 and having one arm connected with an arm of a bell crank lever H by means of the link [2. The bell crank lever H is pivoted on the common pivot rod l3 and its other arm H is connected with the free end of a toggle lever l5 by means of a link Ill. The lever I5 is pivoted to the arm lb of the type bar, and atits other end is pivotally connected with the freeend of a toggle link 11 pivoted on a fixed part of the frame. A spring I8 connects the arm N of the bell crank with a fixed part of the frame and resiliently maintains the parts in the normal position as shown in the figure of the drawings, in which the type bar is retracted and the toggle l5, I1 is in straightened position. When the actuator lever 8 is swung to pull the link I2. it operates to swing the lever ii in a direction to break the toggle and swing the type bar into printing engagement with the platen.

The bell crank a has an arm is projecting downwardly on the free end of which a cam 2| is revolubly mounted adjacent to the surface 'of a power driven roller 22. A spring-pressed arm 23 engages a lug 24 on the cam and tends to swing it on its pivot into engagement with the roller or a projection 20 thereon into engagement with a stop 25 on adetent lever 28 pivoted onthe bell crank 8. At its upper end, the lever 26 has a lateral projection whereby it is engaged b the slotted end of an arm 21 projecting downwardly from a key lever 28.

The key lever is pivoted on the common pivot rod 13 and has a key 29' whereby it may be manually operated. A spring 30 connects the key lever with a fixed part and resiliently the key lever and parts connected therewith in the normal position as shown. When the key is depressed, it swings the detent lever to move its stop 25 out of the path of the projection 20 and permits the cam to turn under the action of the arm 23 into engagement with the roller. The cam is then rotated by the roller and swings the lever B to swing the bell crank H, which swings the type bar into engagement with the platen. When the type bar is actuated to print. it engages the universal bar 3| to release the escapement mechanism, shown generally at 32, of the carriage 2. The partsthus far described are, or may be, of usual construction and form no part of the pres ent invention except as they enter into combina-' tion therewith.

Attached to the rear section of the carriage 2 is a transverse bar 33 preferably of. insulating material, the said bar is adapted to extend the entire length of the carriage. Superimposed thereupon is a conducting bar or segment 34 having a plurality of slots 35 formed therein to expose sections of the insulating member 33 as shown in Fig. 15 of the drawings. A pair of brushes 36 supported in a fixed bracket 31, which is attached to and supported by the frame of the typewriter, are adapted to cooperate with the contact bar 34. The slotted or insulated sections of the contact bar are so arranged that when the typewriter carriage is positioned to start typing on the work copy, that is, when the carriage is at the left the work sheet thereon when maintains 4 vide means for locking all the margin position, the slot II is positioned so that one of the brushes 38 engages the insulated section II.

Similarly, after the typing of a number of characters, or signs, for example 45 characters, the slotted section "a will be positioned so that one of the brushes I8 engages the insulated section II and likewise after typing an additional number of characters, again, for example, 8 characters, or signs, the slotted section Ilb will be positioned so that one of the brushes 38 engages the insulated section SI. Therefor it will be understood'that the carriage positionat the left margin position or after typing 45or 53 characters or signs is effective to open the circuits connected to the said brushes. It is to be noted that the carriage position contact arrangement is .provided on both the primary or operating unit and the secondary or translating unit, the purpose of which will be understood as the description progresses.

Attached to the free end of arm I! of bell crank lever B is a bracket 38 supporting a follower roller 38 which is adapted to actuate the spring blade of suitably positioned contacts 40 or II to close said contacts when the said cam 2|, controlled by a corresponding key 29, is released and actuated by the power driven roller 22. The single and double types of contact arrangements are shown cooperating with the said roller 39 for the reason that certain keys upon their depression control several different circuit arrangements which will be explained later herein.

Provision is made to operate the key bars '28 automatically by the solenoids 42 supported by the frame of the unit which are connected to the key bars by links 43. It is also desirable to prokeys against depression except the key bar depressed. To this end, a slotted trough or-member 4 4 is arranged beneath the key board section of the unit. Arranged in the trough is a plurality of rollers 45.

'The combined diameter of the rollers 45 is such that they contact each other and the ends of the trough when a key bar is depressed and inserted between two adjacent rollers. It will be noted that by this arrangement it is impossible to depress two keys at one time, or to depress another key bar while a key bar is depressed. At certain intervals during the operation of the system it is desired to lock the keyboard so that certain character and sign key bars cannot be depressed. .vet permitting certain other key bars to be free to be depressed. And at other intervals it isdesirable to lock the entire keyboard preventing the depression of any of thecharacter or sign keys. To accomplish this, the keyboard may be divided into several sections with corresponding key bar locking means. For example, the carriage return key 29a and its key bar 28a are provided to be controlled separately; to this end, a separate trough section a is provided and cooperating with the rollers of this section is shown a dummy key bar 28b which upon depression bya corresponding solenoid and link arrangement 43 prevents the carriage return key from being depressed. It is possible to utilize existing key bars as dummy key bars without providing additional ones therefor, such as the key bars for the back spacer or tabular keys. Similarly, dummy key bar 280, controlled by a solenoid and connecting link 43, is adapted, upon its depression to lock the entire remaining section of the keyboard, preventing the depression of any of the keys 29.

vvided and positioned along the General layout description of controlling units controlling units will be given. Supported on a suitable main base 46 is a driving motor 41 which is connected to a main drive shaft through a suitable gearing arrangement and shown as a gear box II. The said main shaft is suitably supported by the bearing frames 50. Clutch units SI which will be described hereinafter are proshaft 48' and adapted to transmit power to separate units through its associated worm sleeve 52 when the clutch unit is actuated. A coding. commutator control means, generally designated 53, is mounted on the main base 46 and adapted to be driven by the main shaft through an intermediate shaft ll. A coding commutator 55 for one group of characters or signs in the series'isprovided and adapted to be driven by the main shaft through the associated intermediate shaft I6. A second coding commutator 51 for another group of characters or signs in the series is provided and adapted to be driven by the main shaft through the intermediate shaft 58 associated therewith. It is to be understood that one coding commutator could be provided for the entire series of characters and for signs to be included in the system. Whenever the case is such that two or more separate coding commutators are provided for separate groups of the characters or signs of the series, it isnot to be confused with the multiple coding commutator arrangement usually in cascade which are arranged so that one commutator, which must provide for the entire series of characters, is positioned with respect to another adjacent.or cooperating coding commutator which likewise must provide for the entire series of characters.

Clutch um'ts Referringnow to Figs. 1, 2, ll, 12 and 13 the clutch unit 5i associated with the coding commutator control device 53 will be described, however it is to be understood that the description thereof also applies to the clutch units 5Ia and 5lb associated with the coding commutatori. The clutch units are provided toimpart a step by step movement to the associated mechanisms at certain intervals and at other intervals to impart a continuous movement or rotation to the said mechanisms, depending solely upon the controlling impulse, and are similar in construction to the clutch described in a copending Patent 2.116,683 granted May 10, 1938. In addition thereto, it has been found that to insure a more positive operation of the system, the step by step movement is not imparted to the said connected mechanism until the decay of the control impulse, that is uponrthe deenergization of the controlling electromagnetic means. In contradistinction thereto the continuous operation of the clutch is eil'ected directly upon the initiation armatures 403 and mounted on the plate 402 at406.

, an arm "used to engage the' cam rollers through the The said controlling electromagnetic means comprises two electromagnets 400 and 40! suitably supported by a plate 402, and the associated ture 404 issecured to or may form an integral part of the extension -member 405 pivotally An arm 40! is provided at one extremity of the member 405 and adapted to pivotally support an extension arm 408 which at the lowest extremity has secured thereto the armature 403 and at its other extremity is provided with two fingers or stops 409 and M arranged as shown in the figures so that the stop M0 is positioned below the stop 409 but not in the same plane.

The purpose of the described arrangement is to effect the intermittent and continuous clutch operation referred to. Energization of the coil 400 which hereinafter will be referredto as the clutch operating coil causes its armature 403 to be attracted. The movement imparted to the "armature 403 is sufficient to withdraw the stop 409 to permit the restrained stop pawl to advance ordrop to the stop 4!0 as the armature is attracted, but the movement is not. great enough to permit the stop pawl 4!! to pass the lower stop 4!0 with the armature in the attracted position. Upon deenergization of the said coil 400 or upon the decay of the impulse, the armature is returned to normal position as shown permitting the stop pawl 4!! to drop off the stop M0 and be advanced so that thecoupling pawl 4!! may be engaged with the ratchet wheel M3 to operate the. clutch unit. This action is similar to the usual escapements for similar devices. Ratchet 4-'!*3 is mounted on the continuously rotated shaft 48. Rotatably mounted on the said shaft is a worm sleeve section 52 which may be secure'd'or be an integral part of disc 4!4 which is suitably attached to the clutch drum 4!5.

' The said drum-rotatably mounted on shaft 48 is provided with an arcuate opening 4! 6 and also is adapted to revolubly support on the shoulder M0, the spring 42! urges the plate 4!! forward 404 respectively. The arma- 4!! a plate M9. The said plateis provided with a plurality of stop pawls 4| in the figures as shown four are provided. The plate 418 is provided with two openings, one opening at. 4l9 so that a pin 420 pivotally attached to one end of coupling pawl 4!2 maybe inserted therethrough to. extend into the arcuate opening of the drum 4!5 wherein the 'spring 42! which is attached at one end to the drum section and at the other end to the said inserted pin 420. ,The other opening 422 in the plate is an elongated one as shown through which a pin 423 is inserted and secured to the drum M5. The free end of pin 423 has one extremity of the coupling pawl pivotally mounted thereon. The drum M5 is also provided with a plurality of recesses or notches 424 adapted to be engaged by'a spring pressed pawl 425 mounted on plate 402, the purpose of which is to lock the clutch in its inoperative position when engaged by th said pawl. A plurality of cam rollers 425 are mounted on the disc M4 and are'engaged by 42! pivotally mounted on plate 402 and agency of spring 428. It is seen from the position of thevarious clutch elements in Fig. 11, that when the stop pawl is released by stop 409, the

gage one of the teeth of ratchet 4!3. However when the armature is restored to normal posicoupling action, causing the sleeve section 52,

' 60a. On the same shaft. with discs 59 is a large as shown in Fig. 1 of the drawings, the washers tion and the stop pawl is again released by stop to such an extent as permitted by elongated opening 422 which /is sufficient to permit the drum 4!5, plate 4l0, pawl H2 and ratchet M3 to rotate in unison.

It is seen that the clutch unit is prevented from being rotated more than one quarter of a revolution. This is due 'to the stop pawl 4!! arrangement. Upon completion of the quarte revolution rotation of the unit one of the stop pawls 4!! engages the stop 409 which in the normal position is in the path of the stop pawls to disengage the coupling pawl 2. At the moment of contact of stop pawl and the stop the coupling pawl is still engaged to drive the drum 5. The slight addition rotation of the drum causes the pawl 4|2 to be lifted out of engagement with the ratchet teeth because when the plate 4 0 is blocked or restrained by stop 409, the pin 420 then becomes afixed axis or pivot for the coupling pawl the other end of which is advancedin a forward direction due to drum,4!5 and the pin 423. An additional movement is imparted to the drum section 5 after declutching has been effected by the action of the spring pressed arm 42! on one of the cam rollers 426. The purpose of this additional movement is to advance the drum 5 ahead so that the pawl 425 engages the notches 424 in the said drum to lock it in the declutched or inoperative position.

The description thus far related to the intermittent or stepby step rotation of the clutch mechanism effected upon the decay of the control impulse. For continuous operation of the clutch to be effected when the impulse is initiated and impressed on the coil 40!, it is seen that the armature 404 is attracted. The movement imparted thereto is sufficient to permit the stop pawl 4!! engaged by the stop 409 to pass the stops 9 and M0 on the arm 400swhich in turn is supported on the extension arm 405.

The release of stop pawl 4!! permits the plate 4!! to be advanced to effect coupling of the pawl H2 and ratchet 4l3 which was just described. Upon deenergization of the coil 40! the armature 404 is restored to the normal position shown in Fig. I to block or restrain further movement of the plate M8 and thus effect the declutching. operation set forth.

The worm sleeve-section 52 engages the worm gear 8! (Fig. 2) to drive the attached mechanism Referring now to Figs. 1, 2 and 3 of the drawings, the coding commutator control means, generally designated 53, will be described. This device, which will be hereinafter referred to as a program device, is explained in detail in Patent No. 1,791,927, dated February 10, 1931, therefore, the following brief description will suffice.

The program device comprises a plurality of control discs 59 mounted on a common shaft gear 60. The said gear is secured to the shaft 60a so as to rotate it upon actuation of the gear.

The individual discs 59 are mounted on said shaft so that each and every disc may be removed at will and replaced by other discs as desired, and are adapted to be rotated by the fixed key- 600 provided on said shaft.- The individual discs are placed in asuitably spaced relation on the shaft 

